Enfermedad de Lyme: historia, microbiología, epizootiología y epidemiología / Lyme disease: history, microbiology, epizootiology and epidemiology

Objetivo: teniendo en cuenta el riesgo potencial que para Cuba constituye la presencia del agente trasmisor, los autores consideran importante la revisión del tema con vistas a una actualización de los especialistas y demás entidades del sistema de salud que puedan intervenir en la vigilancia y control epidemiológico de esta enfermedad. Desarrollo: se comenta la historia de la enfermedad, la microbiología, la epizootiología y la epidemiología, así como las manifestaciones clínicas en los principales animales domésticos. Conclusiones: la borreliosis de Lyme es una nueva enfermedad infecciosa; comparte como otras borrelias y espiroquetas su afinidad por el sistema nervioso central y el sistema nervioso periférico, y se convierte en un diagnóstico de exclusión optimista en Neurología. Conocer sus vectores, su distribución geográfica y algunas de las características biológicas específicas de esta nueva especie de borrelia es de suma importancia para el médico práctico de este nuevo siglo, donde la inmunología y la biología molecular iluminan el oscuro camino de viejas y nuevas interrogantes

Objective: bearing in mind the risk posed by the presence of the vector of Lyme disease in Cuba, the authors have considered it necessary to carry out a review of the disease with the purpose of contributing updated information to specialists and health institutions involved in its surveillance and epidemiological control. Content: a discussion is presented of the history, microbiology, epizootiology and epidemiology of Lyme disease, as well as its clinical manifestations in the main domestic animal hosts. Conclusions: Lyme borreliosis is a new infectious disease. Like other borrelias and spirochetes, it has an affinity for the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, thus becoming a diagnosis of optimistic exclusion in neurology. Knowledge about the vectors, geographic distribution and some specific biological characteristics of this new borrelia species is crucial for practitioners of the 21st century, a time when immunology and molecular biology shed new light on old and new questions alike

A review of the ticks (Acari, Ixodida) of Brazil, their hosts and geographic distribution - 1. The State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil

A review of the ticks (Acari, Ixodida) of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, was completed as a step towards a definitive list (currently indicated as 12) of such species, their hosts and distribution. The ticks: Argas miniatus (poultry), Ixodes loricatus (opossums), Amblyomma aureolatum (dogs), A. calcaratum (anteaters), A. cooperi (capybaras), A. nodosum (anteaters), A. tigrinum (dogs) (Neotropical) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (dogs) (introduced, cosmopolitan, Afrotropical) were confirmed as present, in addition to the predominant, Boophilus microplus (cattle) (introduced, pan-tropical, Oriental). Of the further 18 species thus far reported in the literature as present in the state, but unavailable for examination: only Ornithodoros brasiliensis (humans and their habitations) (Neotropical), Ixodes affinis (deer) (Nearctic/Neotropical) and I. auritulus (birds) (Nearctic/Neotropical/Afrotropical/ Australasian) are considered likely; 13 species would benefit from corroborative local data but the majority appear unlikely; reports of A. maculatum (Nearctic/Neotropical, but circum-Caribbean) are considered erroneous; the validity of A. fuscum is in doubt. The very recent, first known report of the tropical Anocentor nitens (horses)(Nearctic/Neotropical), but still apparent absence of the tropical A. cajennense (catholic) (Nearctic/Neotropical) and the sub-tropical/temperate Ixodes pararicinus (cattle) (Neotropical) in Rio Grande do Sul are important for considerations on their current biogeographical distribution and its dynamics in South America. The state has relatively long established, introduced ("exotic"), Old World tick species (B. microplus, R. sanguineus) that continue to represent significant pests and disease vectors to their traditional, introduced domestic animal hosts, cattle and urban dogs. There are also indigenous, New World ticks (A. miniatus, O. brasiliensis, A. aureolatum, A. nitens), as both long established and possibly newly locally introduced species in the state, that should be considered as potential and emergent pests and pathogen vectors to humans and their more recently acquired, introduced domestic animal hosts; rural poultry, dogs and horses.